It's not the same at all, and it gets much more verbose with minor complexity and lacks functionality.
PG is working on adding SQL/JSON support for JSON Path queries for the next version. It'll be a major improvement but still not as nice as what PartiQL has here.
The SQL standard is different from what databases actually support. No RDBMS supports this yet. Only Elasticsearch, Couchbase, and managed services like Rockset and CosmosDB.